Below is this week's catch-up post to help you review any lesson(s) you missed over the past two weeks of lessons and/or to work on whatever kind of practice is most useful to you as you get familiar with these deponent verbs:
And this is the slideshow with all the sayings from the week. You can read out loud, first with the English to remind you of the vocabulary... and then read out loud again with the cat!
The focus for today's lesson is two more deponent verbs (passive in form, active in meaning): venatur, "hunts, goes hunting," and piscatur, "fishes, goes fishing."
You can recognize the piscis, "fish," in the word piscator.
As for venatur, it is actually related to the name Venus, the goddess of love: hunting is about chasing what you desire, as is love. There is also an archaic English word, "venery," which means "hunting."
To get ready for the proverbs, here is today's slideshow (with cats) of the words you have seen before:
And here are today's proverbs:
1. Piscatur in aere.
(He) is-fishing in air.
pis-CA-tur in A-ere.
The word aere is the ablative form of the word aer, "air," which is a Latin word borrowed from Greek ἀήρ (aer), which is the origin of English "air" too. Notice that this word is two syllables in Latin: a-er, so the ablative form is three syllables: a-e-re. This is another one of those proverbs about a fool's errand: you will never catch a fish if you are fishing in the air instead of in the water.
2. Aureo piscatur hamo.
(He) is-fishing (with a) golden hook.
AU-reo pis-CA-tur hamo.
The word hamo is the ablative form of the noun hamus, "hook, barb," and the adjective aureo is also in the ablative. Notice how the ablative phrase aureo...hamo wraps around the verb.
To fish "with a golden hook" means that someone is foolishly risking something of great value, the golden hook, for little gain: a golden hook is far more valuable than the fish it might catch, and the danger is that the fish will escape with the hook, as fish sometimes do.
According to the Roman historian Suetonius, this was a favorite saying of the Emperor Caesar Augustus.
3. In aqua turbida piscatur uberius.
(One) fishes more-richly in stirred-up water.
in aqua TUR-bida pis-CA-tur u-BE-rius.
The word aqua (aquā) is the ablative form of the noun aqua, used with the preposition in.
The adjective turbida is also ablative (turbidā), agreeing with aqua; it means "stirred up, disorderly, troubled," and it gives us English "turbidā."
The word uberius is a neuter adjective being used as an adverb here, meaning "more richly, more abundantly." The implied comparison is that it is more profitable fishing in stirred up waters than in calm waters.
4. Aquila non venatur muscam.
(An) eagle doesn't hunt (a) fly.
A-quila non ve-NA-tur muscam.
You know all the words in this saying!
Notice that while the verb venatur is passive in form, it is active in meaning, and it even takes a direct object, like an active verb: muscam is the accusative form of musca, and it is the object of the verb. The idea is that the noble eagle does not bother with hunting something as small and lowly as a fly. Compare a similar saying you've seen before about the mighty elephant and flies: Elephas muscam non curat.
The word vociferans is a compound: voci-ferans, "voice-bearing," and you've seen the word vox before.
The word nil is a neuter noun, which means the nominative and accusative case are exactly the same. Here nil is the accusative form, the object of the verb venatur.
I've translated venatur nihil as "can hunt nothing." Sometimes a Latin verb corresponds to the English sense of "can" as possibility; if you ever need to add "can" to your English translation of a Latin verb, feel free to do that. The idea is that if a cat is making a lot of noise, it won't be able to hunt anything because its prey will hear it coming.
The focus for today's lesson is another deponent verb: irascitur. In English we don't have a simple verb that conveys this same meaning; you have to say something like "become angry" or "get angry." Those English verbs are a little weird when you think about it, right? But those "become ___" and "get ___" phrases often correspond to Latin deponent verbs which are passive in form but active in meaning.
And do you remember the adjective iratus, "angry"...? You have seen that in several proverbs, including Iratum noli stimulare and Male irato ferrum committitur. That adjective is a participle formed from this verb: after a person irascitur, "gets angry," then they are "angry," iratus.
To get started, here is the slideshow (with cats) of the words you have seen before:
And here are today's proverbs:
1. Numquam sapiens irascitur.
(A) wise (person) never gets-angry.
numquam SA-piens i-RAS-citur.
You know all the words in this saying! These words were written by the Roman politician and philosopher, Cicero.
For a saying about what does happen on that very rare occasions when a wise man gets angry, see #4 below.
2. Invidia tacite sed inimice irascitur.
Envy grows-angry silently but dangerously.
in-VI-dia TA-cite sed ini-MI-ce i-RAS-citur.
You see two adverbs in this saying, tacite and inimice, which come from words you have seen before. The adverb tacite, "silently," is related to the verb tacet. The word inimice, "like an enemy, dangerously," is formed from the adjective inimicus. This is one of the sayings of the Latin writer, Pulilius the Syrian; you can find out more about him at Wikipedia.
3. Homo extra est corpus suum cum irascitur.
When (a) man gets-angry, (he) is outside his body.
homo extra est corpus suum cum i-RAS-citur.
This is a long saying, but you know all the words in this one too! The Latin phrase extra corpus suum, "outside his own body," is equivalent to the English phrase "beside himself." Have you ever thought about that phrase in English? It's kind of odd when you think about it, and seeing the Latin equivalent can help you to appreciate the oddity of the English cliche too.
This is another one of the sayings of Publilius Syrus.
4. Tarde sed graviter vir sapiens irascitur.
(A) wise man gets-angry slowly but seriously.
tarde sed GRA-viter vir sapiens i-RAS-citur.
This saying features another new adverb, graviter, "heavily, seriously," and it is from an adjective you know already, grave.
Yet another saying from Publilius Syrus. As you can see, he had a lot to say about anger! Unlike Cicero (see #1 above), Publilius acknowledges that a wise man can get angry, but not quickly; it takes a long time, tarde.
For a similar saying about a good-hearted person or good soul, bonus animus, see the next saying.
5. Bonus animus laesus gravius multo irascitur.
(A) good soul (when) outraged is-angered much more-deeply.
bonus A-nimus laesus GRA-vius multo i-RAS-citur.
You haven't seen the masculine adjective laesus, "injured, wounded, outraged," but you have seen the feminine form: laesa. It is masculine because it agrees with the subject of the sentence, animus.
This saying features the comparative form of the adverb graviter that you saw in the previous saying; this form, gravius, means "more heavily, more seriously, more deeply." It might look like a masculine adjective, but it's not: it's a neuter adjective being used as an adverb.
The word multo is the ablative form of the neuter adjective multum. It means "by far," and it is used with the comparative adverb, multo gravius, much more-deeply. (You'll learn more about this use of the ablative when we start working on the comparative forms of all the adjectives and adverbs.)
The idea is that a good-hearted person, when pushed far enough, experiences that anger more deeply. Compare a saying that you've seen before: Laesa saepius repugnat ovis.
This week the quiz-slideshow focuses on accusative forms: -am for the first declension, -um for the second declension, and -em for the third declension masculine nouns, but remember those neuter nouns: they are the same in the nominative and in the accusative, which means you will see some endings other than -em when it is a neuter noun. Look out for those neuter examples in the slideshow below!
Using the quiz-slideshow, you can check yourself by looking at the cat slide that follows the slide with the missing word(s). You can also begin at the end and work backwards, giving yourself a different kind of quiz: seeing the slide without English and trying to supply the English, checking your answer on the next slide, reviewing with the cat slide, and then seeing if you can fill in the blank.
And remember: on the slides that contain the English translation, the English is linked to the original blog post if you want some help in understanding the grammar of the saying.
Here is a link to the full-size quiz-show, and the show is embedded in the blog post here too:
If you want to do even more reviewing (you cannot review too much!), here are the vocabulary review slideshows from previous weeks.
And here is the Week 53 Crosswordfor you to download and print; like last time, the emphasis is on the passive verb forms that you have been practicing. Screenshots:
And... here's a random cat (with a new cat when you reload the page):
The focus for today's lesson is another deponent verb (passive verb forms only; no active forms): labitur. It has a wide range of meaning — glide, slide, move, slip, float, pass, flow — depending on context. You'll see a range of translations even just in today's sayings, all of which feature this verb.
Some English words from this Latin root are "labile" and "lapse," plus its compounds: collapse, elapse, relapse, etc.
And here is the slideshow (with cats) of the words you have seen before; you know almost all of the words in today's sayings already!
And here are today's proverbs:
1. Ut amnis vita labitur.
Life slips-by like (a) river.
ut amnis vita LA-bitur.
You know all the words in this saying! The meaning of labitur has to do with the way water moves in a river: it flows by, slips by, etc. As does life!
The word amnis can also be translated as "brook," and that's how this became a motto of the Brook family.
2. Cito pede labitur aetas.
Time glides-by (with a) swift foot.
cito pede LA-bitur aetas.
The word aetas can mean "time" but it can also mean "life" in the sense of "lifetime."
In this saying, instead of slipping by like a river, now time is gliding by on a quick foot, cito pede. The word cito is the ablative form of the masculine adjective citus, agreeing with pede, the ablative form of pes.
The words come from a poem, The Art of Love, by the Roman poet Ovid.
3. Nummus ubi praedicat, labitur iustitia.
Where money talks, justice falls.
nummus ubi PRAE-dicat, LA-bitur ius-TI-tia.
In this saying, labitur has the meaning of "fall, fall down," as in English "collapse."
The verb praedicat, "talk," is the origin of English "preach." It also gives us English "predicate." These words come from a poem by the 12th-century poet, Walter Map. Sad to say, all these centuries later, the words are still very true and very relevant.
4. Labitur e mente cito res bona, sed mala lente.
(A) good thing slips from (the) mind quickly, but (a) bad (thing) slowly.
LA-bitur e mente cito res bona, sed mala lente.
This is a long saying, but you already know all the words here too!
The word mente is the ablative form of mens, used with the preposition e (ex).
Notice that the word cito here is not an adjective; instead, it is an adverb. Neuter adjectives often function as adverbs in Latin. The saying depends on the contrast between the two adverbs: cito and lente.
Notice also that this is a rhyming proverb: mente ... lente. That indicates its medieval origins!
5. Cras, cras, cras, cras: sic omnis dilabitur aetas.
Tomorrow, tomorrow, tomorrow, tomorrow: thus (an) entire lifetime passes-away.
cras, cras, cras, cras: sic omnis di-LA-bitur aetas.
This time you have a compound form: dilabitur, which is dis-labitur, "fall apart, pass away, dissolve, scatter," where the prefix dis- gives that sense of coming apart, separating.
This is another rhyming proverb from the Middle Ages: cras ... aetas.
You've seen a similar saying about cras (procrastination!) before, with much the same meaning: Per multum cras, cras, semper consumitur aetas.
Here's a recap:
Ut amnis vita labitur.
Cito pede labitur aetas.
Nummus ubi praedicat, labitur iustitia.
Labitur e mente cito res bona, sed mala lente.
Cras, cras, cras, cras: sic omnis dilabitur aetas.
The focus for today's lesson is another very common deponent verb: moritur. This verb has only passive forms; there is no verb "morit" — only moritur, a passive verb with an active meaning in English: "dies, is dying," etc. in English. Since the topic of death is very common in proverbs, there are lots of proverbs that feature this word.
You might have encountered a different form of this verb already in the famous Latin phrase memento mori, which means "remember (that you are going) to die." The word mori is the infinitive form of moritur. Just as the verb moritur is passive, not active, the infinitive mori is a passive infinitive. You will learn more about passive infinitives later! Meanwhile, you can read more about Memento mori at Wikipedia.
1. Rex numquam moritur.
(The) king never dies.
rex numquam MO-ritur.
You know all the words in this saying, now that you've learned the verb moritur.
The idea is that as soon as one king dies, another one is crowned. The king may die, but the kingship continues.
You can find the idea expressed in this formula also: "The king is dead! Long live the king!" In Latin, that is Rex mortuus est, vivat rex, "The king is dead; let the king live!"
2. Mala herba difficulter moritur.
Bad grass dies with-difficulty.
mala herba diffi-CUL-ter MO-ritur.
You have not seen the adverb, difficulter, "with difficulty," before, but you have seen the adjective that it comes from: difficile.
Compare the English saying, "Only the good die young."
You've seen a similar saying about "bad grass," i.e. "weeds" — Herba mala cito crescit. In English the saying is "Weeds grow apace."
3. Moritur doctus, similiter et indoctus.
The learned-man dies, as also the-unlearned.
MO-ritur doctus, si-MI-liter et in-DOC-tus.
You have not seen the masculine adjective doctus, "learned," before, but you have seen the verb that it comes from: docet. The adjective indoctus is in-doctus, "not-learned, unlearned." The adjectives are being used substantively here: doctus is "a learned (man)" and indoctus is an "unlearned (man)."
You also have not seen the adverb, similiter, "similarly, as," before, but you have seen the adjective that it comes from: simile.
The word et is being used here not as a conjunction ("and"), but instead as an adverb: "even, also, too."
This pessimistic saying comes from the Book of Ecclesiastes in the Hebrew Bible, which reiterates the futility of life and of learning with sayings like this. The King James version reads: "And how dieth the wise man? As the fool."
4. Avarus, nisi cum moritur, nil recte facit.
(The) miser does nothing right, except when he dies.
a-VA-rus, nisi cum MO-ritur, nil recte facit.
The word nisi (ni-si) sometimes means "if not" in English, but sometimes it is better translated as "except," which is the translation which fits best here.
You also know all the words in this saying. The greediness of the miser is a kind of absolute evil in Latin proverbs. So, as this proverb claims, there is nothing good about a miser while he is alive; the only good thing he can do is finally just die so that his wealth can be inherited by others.
5. Dormit aliquando ius, moritur numquam.
Justice sometimes sleeps (but) never dies.
dormit ali-QUAN-do ius, MO-ritur numquam.
And you know all the words in this saying too!
The saying plays on the superficial similarity between sleeping and death, an idea you have seen expressed in other proverbs. For example: Somnus est frater mortis.
In other words, it may seem as if justice has died, that there is no longer any justice in the world, but don't worry: justice is just sleeping, and it will wake up, sooner or later. Justice is not dead yet!
Below is this week's catch-up post to help you review any lesson(s) you missed over the past two weeks of lessons and/or to work on whatever kind of practice is most useful to you. These are all your deponent verbs: loquitur, sequitur plus its compounds, and nascitur.
And this is the slideshow with all the sayings from the week. You can read out loud, first with the English to remind you of the vocabulary... and then read out loud again with the cat!
The lesson for today is the Latin deponent verb nascitur, "is born." Like the other Latin deponent verbs you have seen — loquitur and sequitur — this verb has only passive forms. If you think about it, "to be born" is a passive verb in English too, although you may not have thought about that before: "the woman bears a child" = "the child is born."
In Latin, the verb nascitur is at the root of English words like "nascent" and also words like "native" and "prenatal." It's also the root of English "naive."
You will meet another verb in today's sayings: fit. You've seen this verb before; remember Nihil fit sine causa, "Nothing happens without a cause?" Now, however, I can explain what makes this verb special: fit is used as the passive form of the verb facit, "makes." So, you will never seen the verb facitur; instead, you will see the word fit, "is made." You probably know this Latin verb already from the phrase fiat lux, "Let there be light," but now you know, the meaning is literally: "Let light be made."
So, to get ready for the nascitur and fit sayings, here is the slideshow (with cats) of the words in today's sayings that you have seen before — and you know almost all of the words for today!
And here are today's proverbs:
1. Poeta nascitur, orator fit.
(A) poet is-born, (an) orator is-made.
po-E-ta NAS-citur, o-RA-tor fit.
There are two new words here, poeta and orator, which are easy to recognize from the English words, "poet" and "orator." You haven't seen orator before, but you have seen a related noun: oratio.
The meaning of this saying depends on the contrast between being a natural-born genius and a genius that has to be made through practice and learning. A poet has a Muse to guide them, while the poor orator has to study his art without a Muse to assist them.
2. Nemo nascitur sapiens, sed fit.
Nobody is-born wise, but is-made (wise).
nemo NAS-citur SA-piens, sed fit.
You already know all the words in this saying! Compare the English saying about being "born, not made" — "leaders are born, not made," for example, or "teachers are born, not made."
3. E squilla non nascitur rosa.
(A) rose isn't born from (a) shrimp.
e squilla non NAS-citur rosa.
The new word in this saying is squilla, "shrimp." The word "squill" is used in English to refer to the mantis shrimp. The word is in the ablative case here, squillā, with the preposition e (ex).
This saying is about the absurdity of expecting a rose to grow from a shrimp. Compare the English saying, "You can't make a silk purse from a sow's ear."
4. Aliud ex alio malum nascitur.
One evil is-born from another.
A-liud ex A-lio malum NAS-citur.
You know all the words in this saying too, and you have seen a very similar saying already: Aliud ex alio malum gignitur.
Notice the irregular form of the word aliud: instead of the usual -um ending that you would expect, it ends in -ud instead. The form alio is the ablative, with the -o ending you would expect.
5. Ex minima magnus scintilla nascitur ignis.
From the-smallest spark (a) great fire is-born.
ex MI-nima magnus scin-TIL-la NAS-citur ignis.
The new word in this saying is the feminine adjective minima, "smallest." You have not seen this adjective before, but you have seen the adverb: minime. Here the noun phrase minimāscintillā is in the ablative case with the preposition ex. Compare a similar saying you have seen before: Parva saepe scintilla magnum excitat incendium.
Notice the intricate word order, with the prepositional phrase ex minima scintilla interwoven with the noun phrase magnus ignis. This saying is in verse; the meter is dactylic hexameter, the same meter of Latin epic poetry.
The focus for today's lesson is the verb sequitur, including compounds of that verb: insequitur and persequitur. These compounds, just like the root verb, have passive verb forms only, but they are active in meaning.
You will also see an example of the present participle form of sequitur, which is sequens, "following." This Latin word gives us English "sequence." While the verb sequitur is passive in form, the participle sequens looks just like the present participle form of an active verb, with the same -ns ending: amans, "loving," etc.
Meanwhile, to get started, here is the slideshow (with cats) of the words you have seen before:
And here are today's proverbs:
1. Gamma Betam persequitur.
G follows-after B.
Gamma Betam per-SE-quitur.
The nouns beta and gamma are the names of letters in the Greek alphabet, which begins: alpha, beta, gamma, and then delta and so on; you can see the complete Greek alphabet here.
The word betam is the accusative form of beta, and it is the object of the verb.
The verb persequitur means "follows continually, keeps following, always follows," and this it gives us the English "persecute."
In this saying, the letter gamma is not persecuting the letter beta; instead, the idea is that gamma always follows beta, no matter what. Compare the English saying "2 + 4 = 4," which also expresses the same sense of what is obvious and inevitable.
2. Mors et fugacem persequitur virum.
Death pursues even (the) fleeing man.
mors et fu-GA-cem per-SE-quitur virum.
You know all the words in this saying!
The word virum is the accusative form of vir, and the adjective fugacem is the accusative form of fugax, agreeing with the noun virum. Notice how the noun phrase wraps around the verb: fugacem...virum.
The word et here is being used as an adverb, "even, also," rather than as a conjunction.
The idea is that even if someone runs away from death, death will follow him too; no one escapes death.
The verb insequor means "follows up on, comes after, chases," which is the idea here: the horse, equus, is chasing the turtle, testudinem, the accusative form of testudo.
This is one of those paradoxical proverbs about a topsy-turvy world: the turtle has outrun the horse, so the horse is chasing the turtle from behind. So, when you see something completely and totally unexpected happening, you could say that the horse is chasing the turtle.
4. Tandem sua poena nocentem insequitur.
His punishment finally overtakes (the) wrongdoer.
tandem sua poena no-CEN-tem in-SE-quitur.
The word nocentem is the accusative form of nocens, "someone who does harm, a harm-doer, wrong-doer." You haven't seen this participle before, but you have seen the verb: nocet.
The subject of the verb, poena, means "punishment," and you can see this Latin word in the English word "penal." The word tandem is an adverb: "finally, at last, at length." And yes, this is the same word used in English, "tandem," to refer to two things together in a line, like a long tandem bicycle with one seat behind the other.
So the idea is that, sooner or later (perhaps much later), punishment will catch up to the criminal.
This is the proverb mentioned above which has the participle sequens, "following." The word sequentem is the accusative form of the participle, the object of the verb fugit.
The word fugientem is the accusative form of the participle fugiens, "fleeing," and it is the object of the verb sequitur.
So, the idea is that if someone chases after honor, glory, renown, etc., then his goal will flee from him and he will never reach it: honor sequentem fugit. But if someone does not want honor, does not want glory, then it will follow him even while he tries to escape: honor fugientem sequitur.
This week the quiz-slideshow focus on genitive forms: -ae for the first declension, -i for the second declension, and -is for the third declension.
Using the quiz-slideshow, you can check yourself by looking at the cat slide that follows the slide with the missing word(s). You can also begin at the end and work backwards, giving yourself a different kind of quiz: seeing the slide without English and trying to supply the English, checking your answer on the next slide, reviewing with the cat slide, and then seeing if you can fill in the blank.
And remember: on the slides that contain the English translation, the English is linked to the original blog post if you want some help in understanding the grammar of the saying.
Here is a link to the full-size quiz-show, and the show is embedded in the blog post here too:
If you want to do even more reviewing (you cannot review too much!), here are the vocabulary review slideshows from previous weeks.
And here is the Week 53 Crosswordfor you to download and print; like last time, the emphasis is on the passive verb forms that you have been practicing. Screenshots:
And... here's a random cat (with a new cat when you reload the page):
The focus for today's lesson is the deponent verb sequitur. Yesterday, you learned the verb loquitur, "speaks," and today's verb, sequitur, means "follows." You can see this Latin root in English words like "sequence," "sequel," etc. You might also know this Latin word from a Latin phrase used as a noun in English: non sequitur which means, in Latin, "it doesn't follow."
Even though sequitur has only passive forms, it is a transitive verb. In other words, it can take an object, just like "follows" can be transitive in English. So, that means you will see nouns in the accusative case in today's sayings, and they are the objects of the verb.
To get ready, here is the slideshow (with cats) of the words you have seen before... and you have seen almost all of the words in today's sayings before!
You already the word ovis, "sheep," and ovem is the accusative form of that noun. So, ovis is the subject of the verb, and ovem is the object.
Literally, then, it means "Sheep follows sheep," but in English we might be more likely to say "One sheep follows another," which is a traditional English saying.
2. Noctem dies sequitur.
Day follows night.
noctem dies SE-quitur.
You also know all the words in this saying!
Noctem is the accusative form of nox, and that means it is the object of the verb here.
Of course, just as day follows night, night also follows day, but the point of this saying, metaphorically, is that even when things seem dark and gloomy, the day is coming. So, don't despair: day follows night.
3. Mors sequitur, vita fugit.
Death follows; life flees.
mors SE-quitur, vita fugit.
You also know all these words too!
Here the verb sequitur has the sense of following in the sense of pursuing, chasing. So, "death" is in pursuit, but "life" is doing its best to try to escape by fleeing death.
4. Sequitur ver hiemem.
Spring follows winter.
SE-quitur ver HI-emem.
Another saying where you know all the words. This time the object, hiemem, comes at the end, the accusative form of hiems.
Metaphorically, this is like Noctem dies sequitur: just as the darkness of night gives way to the light of the following day, so too the coldness of winter gives way to the warmth of the following spring.
Compare the next saying, where the metaphorical dimension of the saying is made explicit.
5. Ver hiemem sequitur, sequitur post triste serenum.
Spring follows winter; (a) tranquil (thing) follows (a) sad (thing).
ver HI-emem SE-quitur, SE-quitur post triste se-RE-num.
Here the neuter adjective, serenum, a "serene (thing)," is the nominative subject. You could also translate it as "serenity."
The neuter adjective triste, a "sad (thing)," or just "sadness," goes with the preposition post, which takes the accusative form. The word triste is either nominative or accusative, depending on context, and here it is accusative.
This proverb is in the form of a line of verse, which is why the verb sequitur is repeated. The verse form is called a dactylic hexameter, which is also the meter of epic Latin poetry.
Here's a recap:
Ovis ovem sequitur.
Noctem dies sequitur.
Mors sequitur, vita fugit.
Sequitur ver hiemem.
Ver hiemem sequitur, sequitur post triste serenum.
I hope everyone has had a good holiday break... and that you're ready for some more Latin in 2026. The focus for today's lesson is something new and something very distinctively Latin: the "deponent" verbs. These are verbs that have only passive forms; they do not have active forms.
So, for example, the active verb amat, "loves," has a passive form, amatur, "is loved," a deponent verb like loquitur, "speaks," has no active form. The meaning is active in English, but the verb form is passive, ending in -tur like the passive verbs you have been studying for the past few weeks. These deponent verbs get their name because they have put-aside (de-ponent) their active forms, leaving only the passive forms.
There are many common deponent verbs in Latin, and one of the most common is loquitur, "speaks." All the proverbs for today feature the word loquitur. You can see the Latin root of this word in English words like "loquacious" and "eloquent."
You have not seen the adverb aliter, "otherwise, differently," but you have seen the adjective that it comes from: alius.
As you have seen before, Latin sometimes repeats a word twice when English uses two different words, as aliter...aliter... "differently... differently..." is equivalent to English, "one way... another way..."
The verb sentit means both "think" and "feel" in Latin. You can see this root in the English words like "sense" and "sentiment."
You already know all the words in this saying, and you've seen a saying that has a very similar meaning: Aestatis hirundo est nuntia.
Notice that aestatem here is in the accusative case; it is the object of loquitur, which is why I have translated the verb here as "announces," so that it can take an object. You will see many deponent verbs that take objects! So, while they might look like passive verbs, they are not passive, and they can take objects, just as active verbs do.
4. Ex abundantia cordis os loquitur.
(The) mouth speaks from (the) abundance of-the-heart.
ex abun-DAN-tia cordis os LO-quitur.
You have not seen the noun abundantia, "abundance," before, but you have seen a related adjective: abundant. The root of the Latin word is unda, "wave," so the idea is that abundance is something that "overflows."
Unlike the saying above, Aliter loquitur, aliter sentit, this saying claims that whatever a person feels in their heart or thinks in their mind overflows into their mouth such that it is heard in their words.
5. Sine lingua et voce loquitur somnium.
(A) dream speaks without tongue and voice.
sine lingua et voce LO-quitur SOM-nium.
You also know all the words in this saying! It is adapted from one of the riddles of Alcuin. Here is how that riddle is posed and answered in the Dialogue between Alcuin and Pippin:
A. Some unknown person spoke with me without tongue and voice, one who never was before, nor shall be again, and whom I was not used to hearing, and did not know.
P. Perhaps a dream disturbed you, master?
You can see the Latin and English texts of all the riddles online.
