Latin Lesson #213: 2nd-person 1st-conjugation

The focus for today's lesson is the 2nd-person singular form of 1st-conjugation verbs: it’s -as. So, das means “you give, you are giving,” and stas means “you stand, you are standing,” and so on. Easy!

That means you now a lot of verb forms for the 1st conjugation:

• muto: I change
• mutas: you change
• mutat: she/he/it changes (transitive)
• mutatur: she/he/it changes (intransitive); is changed
• muta: stand!
• mutare: to stand

Since the sayings today are just two words long each, there’s not a lot of vocabulary, so instead of a review slideshow, I’ll just include 3 sayings that have words you will see again today: ovum, leo, mortuus. 

Malum ovum, malus pullus. 
Bad egg, bad chick.

Durum tondere leonem. 
It's hard to shave a lion.

Canis mortuus non mordet. 

A dead dog doesn't bite.

And here are today's proverbs:

1. Hydram secas.
(You) are-cutting (a) hydra.
hydram secas.

The verb secas, "you slice, you cut, are cutting," is the 2nd-person form of the verb secat. This verb is at the root of English words like "section" and "intersect," and also "segment."
The word hydram is the accusative form of the noun hydra, which comes from Greek, as you can guess from the letter y in the spelling. The hydra was a water-monster that Hercules had to fight as one of his labors. The hydra had many heads, and his job was to cut off all the heads... but the problem was that every time he chopped off a head, another head or, even worse, two more heads would spring up in its place. Hercules finally figured out that if he burned off the stump of each head after chopping it off, the head could not grow back! 
The saying thus refers to someone making a bad situation even worse by attacking the problem without thinking out a good plan in advance.

You can read more about this old myth at Wikipedia: Second Labor of Hercules.


2. Leonem stimulas.
(You) are-rousing (a) lion.
le-O-nem STI-mulas.

The verb stimulas, "you goad, you rouse, you are rousing," is the 2nd-person form of the verb stimulat, as in English "stimulate."

The word leonem is the accusative form of the noun leo.

Of course, this means you are stirring up trouble. Compare the English saying about "poking the bear," which even has its own Wikipedia article: Don't Poke the Bear.

3. Ovum adglutinas.
(You) are-sticking-together (an) egg.
ovum ad-GLU-tinas.

The verb adglutinas, "you glue together, you stick together, you are sticking together," is the 2nd-person form of the verb adglutinat, which is a compound: ad+glutinat, "to-glue, glue together." The root of this verb is the same root as English "glue."

The word ovum is a neuter noun, so the accusative and nominative forms are the same; in this proverb, ovum is accusative, the object of the verb.

The idea is that, after an egg is broken, there is no point in trying to put it back together. Compare the famous English nursery rhyme, Humpty-Dumpty. Since Humpty-Dumpty because a character in Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass, everyone knows he is an egg, but originally, the nursery rhyme was a riddle: you were supposed to guess what could not be put back together again after falling off a wall. You can read more about this famous English rhyme at Wikipedia: Humpty-Dumpty.

4. Harenam mensuras.
(You) are-counting sand.
ha-RE-nam men-SU-ras.

The verb mensuras, "you measure, you count, you are counting," is the 2nd-person form of the verb mensurat, as in English "measure."

The word harenam, "sand," is the accusative form of the noun harena, also spelling arena (it's like that the Romans did not pronounce word-initial h). And yes, this is the origin of the English word "arena," so called because the ancient Roman arenas were strewn with sand to drink up the spilled blood.

This is a proverbial fool's errand: grains of sand are innumerable; they cannot be counted.


5. Mortuum flagellas.
(You) are-beating (a) dead (man).
MOR-tuum fla-GEL-las.

The verb flagellas, "you whip, you beat, you are beating," is the 2nd-person form of the verb flagellat, as in English "flagellate."

The word mortuum is the accusative form of the adjective mortuus, being used here substantively, as a noun.

Compare the English saying, "Beating a dead horse." That English saying is also in Wikipedia: Flogging a dead horse.

Here's a recap:

• Hydram secas.
• Leonem stimulas.
• Ovum adglutinas.
• Harenam mensuras.
• Mortuum flagellas.

And here is today's audio:



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Week 71 Vocabulary Review

The review this week is... the 1st conjugation! You'll see a variety of forms: 1st-person active, -o; 3rd-person present active, -at; present passive, -atur (sometimes with active meaning); imperative: -a; and active infinitive, -are. There's a quiz slideshow, a crossword, and a self-check quiz afterwards too. :-)

For each saying, you will try to supply the missing 1st-conjugation verb form. You can check yourself by looking at the cat slide that follows the slide with the missing word(s). 

You can also begin at the end and work backwards, giving yourself a different kind of quiz: seeing the slide without English and trying to supply the English, checking your answer on the next slide, reviewing with the cat slide, and then seeing if you can fill in the blank. 

Plus don't forget: on the slides that contain the English translation, the English is linked to the original blog post if you want some help in understanding the grammar of the saying.

I also made a printable crossword PDF as usual, and the same prompts for the crossword and slieshow are used in the quiz questions below. Enjoy!

______ potest virtus, doctrina coronat.
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Nobilitare

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Annosa arbor non ______.
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transplantatur

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Vigilo et ______.
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spero

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Nec amor nec tussis ______.
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celatur

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______ et Homerus.
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Dormitat

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Maius est ______ quam solum lucere.
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illuminare

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Feles vociferans nil ______.
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venatur

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Dormiens nihil ______.
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lucratur

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Sapientia vino ______.
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obumbratur

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Columba ______, et quando rixatur; lupus odit, et quando blanditur.
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amat

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Dum ______, spero.
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spiro

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Spe ______.
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exspecto

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Fricantem ______.
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refrica

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Gutta ______ lapidem.
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cavat

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Iratum noli ______.
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stimulare

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Stultus ut luna ______.
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mutatur

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Cum sequitur leporem testudo ______ inane.
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laborat

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Noli ______ lapidem.
fill in the blank:

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verberare

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Pacem ______.
fill in the blank:

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amo

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Latin Lesson #212: Velle-nolle

This is the last little lesson about vult, "wants, wills," and its compounds; the focus today is the very irregular infinitive form: velle is the infinitive form of vult, and nolle is the infinitive form of non vult. Each of today's sayings will have either velle or nolle. (The infinitive form of mavult, "prefers," is malle, but I don't have a proverb to use for that one.)

And here is the slideshow (with cats) of the words you have seen before:

And here are today's proverbs:

1. Aliud est velle, aliud posse.
(It) is one-thing to-want, another-thing to-be-able.
A-liud est velle, A-liud posse.

You know all the words in this saying already! The word velle is the infinitive of vult, while posse is the infinitive of potest.

As you've also seen before, Latin uses a repeated pair of words where English uses a coordinated pair, as here: aliud... aliud... "the other... the other..." means the same thing as "one thing... another thing."

Compare the mocking motto that you saw earlier: Volo, non valeo.


2. Sapientia est vera: nolle nimis sapere.
(This) is true wisdom: to-not-want to-know too-much.
sapi-EN-tia est vera: nolle nimis SA-pere.

The word nolle here is the infinitive of non vult, and it takes an infinitive complement here: sapere is the infinitive form of sapio. (Note the soundplay between the word sapientia and sapere, which are both about knowledge and wisdom.)

The infinitive sapere is modified by an adverb: nimis sapere, to know too much.

You've seen other Latin sayings with warnings about the dangers of excess, but this is your first proverb about the danger of excessive wisdom!

3. Stultum est vicinum velle ulcisci incendio.
To-want revenge on-a-neighbor with-arson is foolish.
stultum est vi-CI-num velle ul-CIS-ci in-CEN-dio.

The infinitive velle, "to want," takes a complementary infinitive, ulcisci, "to take revenge, exact punishment." This doesn't look like the infinitives that you have seen before because it is a passive form of the infinitive (remember imitari earlier this week? that was also a passive infinitive form). 

The infinitive ulcisci takes an accusative object, vicinum, the accusative form of the adjective vicinus, "nearby, neighbor," which is used substantively to mean "neighbor." 

The word incendio is the ablative form of the noun incendium.

The word stultum is a neuter adjective, "foolish." You haven't seen this neuter form before, but you have seen the masculine form of this adjective: stultus.

This is another one of the sayings collected by the Roman writer Publilius Syrus, so it is in iambic meter:

Stultum est ~ vici~num || vel~le ulcis~ci incen~dio.

4. Nocere posse et nolle laus amplissima est.
To-be-able to-injure and to-not-want-to is the greatest praise.
no-CE-re posse et nolle laus am-PLIS-sima est.

The word posse is the infinitive form of potest, "can, is able," and it takes a complementary infinitive: nocere, the infinitive of the verb nocet. 

The word nolle also takes a complementary infinitive, but it is implied, not stated directly: nolle (nocere), "to-not-want (to-harm)."

The word laus, "praise," is new, but you have seen the related verb: laudat. The adjective amplissima, "greatest, most magnificent," is new to you, but you have a related verb: ampliat, "increases, magnifies."

This is another one of the sayings of Publilius Syrus! Here it is with the iambic meter marked:

Noce~re pos~se et nol~le || laus ~ amplis~sima est.

5. Non pudor est non scire; pudor, nil discere velle.
Not to-know is no shame; shame is to-want to-learn nothing.
non pudor est non scire; pudor, nil DIS-cere velle.

The noun pudor, "shame," is new to you, but it shares a root with the Latin word that we use in English too: "pudenda."

You know all the other words in this saying already!

The word scire is the infinitive of the verb scit.
The infinitive velle takes a complementary infinitive: discere, the infinitive of the verb discit, which has an object: nil. Put it all together: "to want to learn nothing," velle discere nil.

Here's a recap:

• Aliud est velle, aliud posse.
• Sapientia est vera: nolle nimis sapere.
• Stultum est vicinum velle ulcisci incendio.
• Nocere posse et nolle laus amplissima est.
• Non pudor est non scire; pudor, nil discere velle.

And here is today's audio:



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Latin Lesson #211: Vult plus the infinitive

The focus for today's lesson is again the verb vult, and this time all the vult sayings take a complementary infinitive: want to (verb). You will see a 1st-conjugation infinitive — potare, “to drink” — and two 2nd-conjugation infinitives — docere, “to teach” and studere, “to study” (with a long e: do-CE-re, stu-DE-re)— and a 3rd-conjugation infinitive — tangere, “to touch" (with a short e: TAN-gere). 

There is also something new: a 1st-conjugation passive infinitive: imitari, which means “to imitate.” The meaning is active in English because this is one of those deponent verbs: remember those? Those are the verbs that have only passive forms. You haven’t learned the passive infinitives yet, but we’ll get to those eventually!

To get started, here is the slideshow (with cats) of the words you have seen before:

And here are today's proverbs:

1. Inops, potentem dum vult imitari, perit.
(A) poor (person), when he wants to-imitate (a) powerful (person), perishes.
inops, po-TEN-tem dum vult imi-TA-ri, perit.

Here is that passive infinitive: imitari, and it is passive in form but active in meaning, so it takes a direct object: imitari potentem, "to imitate a powerful person," where potentem is the accusative form of the adjective potens, being used substantively as a noun. You haven't seen this adjective before, but you have seen a related noun: potentia.

The word perit, "perish," is a compound form of the verb it, "goes." Literally it means "goes all the way, goes to the end," i.e. to the end of life! This is where we get the English word "perish." 

These words come from the Roman poet Phaedrus, who wrotes Aesop's fables in verse. This is from the fable of the frog who was jealous of the large size of the bull, so she puffed herself up and puffed herself up, trying to be as big as an ox... and then she exploded. Metaphorically, the frog is a poor, small person trying to imitate a big, important person, an attempt which ends in disaster.


2. Esuriens venter non vult studere libenter.
(A) hungry stomach doesn’t freely want to-study.
e-SU-riens venter non vult stu-DE-re li-BEN-ter.

The word studere, "to study," is the infinitive form of the verb studet, "studies," which is the origin of English "study," "student," etc.

That's your only new word in this saying; you know all the other words, and you've seen a similar saying about singing rather than studying: Ieiunus venter non vult cantare libenter.

Both of those sayings feature the same rhyme, venter-libenter, a sure sign that they are medieval Latin proverbs.

3. Felis amat piscem, sed non vult tangere flumen.
(The) cat loves fish, but doesn’t want to-touch (the) water.
felis amat piscem, sed non vult TAN-gere flumen.

The word tangere, "to touch," is the infinitive form of tangit, "touches," as in English "tangible."

That's your only new word in this saying; the others are all words you have seen before.

This is a famous English saying, and it even has an echo in the words of Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth, who mocks her husband with these words: "Like the poor cat i' the adage?" In other words, Macbeth would like to be king, just as the cat would like to eat some fish, but he is reluctant to commit the act of killing the king, just as the cat doesn't want to get her feet wet.


4. Bos ad aquam tractus non vult potare coactus.
(An) ox led to water doesn’t want to-drink, coerced.
bos ad aquam tractus non vult po-TA-re co-AC-tus.

The word potare, "to drink" is the infinitive of the verb potat, "drinks." This is a new word, but you have seen the related noun: potus.

The word bos is a masculine noun here, and so the adjectives are also masculine: tractus, "dragged," and coactus, "coerced." The word tractus is from the verb trahit, "drags" (think: "tractor"). 
The word aquam is the accusative form of aqua, used with the preposition ad, which takes the accusative case.

Compare the English saying, "You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink."

The rhyme tractus-coactus is your clue that this is another medieval Latin proverb.


5. Error in orbe gravis: vult porca docere Minervam.
(A) great delusion in (the) world: when a-pig wants to-teach Minerva.
error in orbe gravis: vult porca do-CE-re Mi-NER-vam.

The word porca means "pig" as in English "pork." You've actually seen a much reduced form of this saying: Sus Minervam. Now you can see a fuller form, with the verb included: sus (=porca) vult docere Minervam. The word Minervam is in the accusative case, the object of the infinitive docere.

The first half of the saying uses the phrase in orbe, literally "in the world," in the sense of "the world over" or "all over the world." The word gravis, "heavy,  serious," is new, but you've seen the comparative form already: gravior, "heavier."


Here's a recap:

• Inops, potentem dum vult imitari, perit.
• Esuriens venter non vult studere libenter.
• Felis amat piscem, sed non vult tangere flumen.
• Bos ad aquam tractus non vult potare coactus.
• Error in orbe gravis: vult porca docere Minervam.

And here is today's audio:



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Week 70 Catch-Up Day

Here is the new catch-up day post for the fero and volo verbs over the past two weeks. So, today there is a slideshow (with cats) of the past two weeks' sayings, plus a link to the crossword as usual (which you can download and print), and then... the self-quiz!

• #207: Fert and fertur
• #208: Infinitive ferre
• Week 69 Vocabulary Review
• #209: Volo-Malo-Nolo
• #210: Vult and mavult

So, let's start with the slideshow with all the sayings from the week. You can read out loud, first with the English to remind you of the vocabulary... and then read out loud again with the cat!

I also made a printable crossword PDF as usual, and the same prompts for the crossword are used in the quiz questions below. Enjoy!

Tempus ipsum affert ______.
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consilium

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Granum frumenti mortuum multum affert ______.
fill in the blank:

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fructum

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Differt, non aufert, ______ longissima vita.
fill in the blank:

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mortem

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Occasio aegre offertur, ______ amittitur.
fill in the blank:

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facile

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Esuriens stomachus fertur coquus ______ esse.
fill in the blank:

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optimus

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Nemo enim potest ______ diu ferre.
fill in the blank:

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personam

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Necessitatem ______, non flere addecet.
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ferre

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______ est iniuriam ferre quam inferre.
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melius

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Quid gravissimum est ferre? ______ hominis.
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cor

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______ minori parcere, maiori cedere, ferre parem.
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disce

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______, non valeo.
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volo

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Valere ______ quam dives esse.
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malo

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______ parum, nimium non volo: sat mihi sat.
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nolo

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Malo hic esse primus quam ______ secundus.
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Romae

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Malo ad campanam ______ ad tubae surgere clangorem.
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quam

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Spiritus flat ubi ______.
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vult

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Vult et non vult ______.
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piger

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______ feli tintinnabulum annectere vult.
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nemo

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Asinus stramen mavult quam ______.
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aurum

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Ieiunus ______ non vult cantare libenter.
fill in the blank:

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venter

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And here's a random cat:

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Latin Lesson #210: Vult and mavult

The focus for today's lesson is more about the irregular verb volo which you saw yesterday, along with the compounds mavolo (= magis volo) and nolo (= non volo).

Today you will learn the 3rd-person form: vult, "wants, is willing, will." There is also a compound form, mavult, "wants more, prefers" (= magis vult).

For nolo, the 3rd-person form is just non vult. You actually saw that in one of the sayings yesterday: Nolo parum, nimium non volo: sat mihi sat.

And here is the slideshow (with cats) of the words you have seen before:

And here are today's proverbs:

1. Spiritus flat ubi vult.
(The) Spirit blows where (it) wants.
SPI-ritus flat ubi vult.

The word spiritus is from the verb spirat, "breathe." The basic meaning of spiritus is "breath, breathing," but of course it later took on new meanings in the Christian tradition, giving us English "spirit," and also "Spirit," a person of the Holy Trinity. You can read more about the history of this word at Wikipedia: Spirit.

This phrase is a variation on the Gospel of John: Spiritus ubi vult spirat. 


2. Vult et non vult piger.
(The) lazy (man) wants and doesn’t want.
vult et non vult piger.

You already know all the words in this saying! 

Here you can see how the verb nolo has non vult as the 3rd-person form.

The idea is that a lazy person does want things, vult, but because he is not willing to do the work, non vult.

This saying also comes from the Bible, this time from the Hebrew Bible's Book of Proverbs. The King James Version reads: 'The soul of the sluggard desireth, and hath nothing."


3. Asinus stramen mavult quam aurum.
(A) donkey wants straw more-than gold.
A-sinus stramen mavult quam aurum.

The word stramen is a neuter noun, so it is the same form in both nominative and accusative; in this sentence, it is accusative because it is the object of the verb mavult: The donkey wants straw, asinus mavult stramen.

The donkey wants that straw more than, quam, the donkey wants gold, aurum, another neuter noun in the accusative.
Do you think the donkey is foolish? This kind of saying is meant to make fun of the donkey, as if the donkey doesn't realize the value of gold... but you can't eat gold!


4. Nemo feli tintinnabulum annectere vult.
Nobody is-willing to-tie (the) bell (onto the) cat.
nemo feli tintin-NA-bulum an-NEC-tere vult.

Here the verb vult takes a complementary infinitive, vult annectere, "wants to die." The root of that word is nexus, "binding, joining."

The word tintinnabulum, "bell," is a neuter noun, so it could be nominative or accusative here; it's accusative because it is the object of the infinitive: to tie on the bell, annectere tintinnabulum. You can see this same Latin root in the medical term "tinnitus."

The word feli is the dative form of the noun feles, "for the cat, to the cat, onto the cat."

This saying was turned into an Aesop's fable, Belling the Cat. The idea is that the mice want to put a bell on the cat... but none of the mice will do it!


5. Ieiunus venter non vult cantare libenter.
(An) empty stomach isn’t willing to-sing gladly.
ie-IU-nus venter non vult can-TA-re li-BEN-ter.

The word venter is a masculine 3rd-declension noun, "stomach." You can see this Latin word in "ventriloquism," speaking-from-the-stomach. 

The masculine adjective ieiunus, "empty, fasting," which gives us English "jejune," meaning empty in a metaphorical sense, insipid, without substance.
The adverb libenter means "gladly, happily," and it is related to the Latin word libido, which gives us English "libido."
In other words: food first! If you are hungry, nothing else is going to go well, especially performing on command.

As you can guess from the internal rhyme, venter-libenter, this is a medieval Latin proverb.


Here's a recap:

• Spiritus flat ubi vult.
• Vult et non vult piger.
• Asinus stramen mavult quam aurum.
• Nemo feli tintinnabulum annectere vult.
• Ieiunus venter non vult cantare libenter.

And here is today's audio:



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